The structure of international trade in today’s global economy is undergoing transformation.The increase in the importance of services is a clear trend. In Polish foreign trade with the European Union countries, it is transport services that to the greatest extent create the trade surplus. Theseservices significantly affect the environment, which makes it necessary to take measures aimed at theimplementation of the green transport principles. The aim of the study was to provide a detailed description of transport services in Polish foreign trade with European Union (EU) countries and toassess the role of these services in Polish economy, including in terms of sustainable development. The study concerned transport services, consisting of four separate types: maritime transport, air transport, other transport services (except maritime and air) and postal and courier services. The timespan of the study was 2010–2018. The latest secondary data from the official statistics of the National Bank of Poland and the Central Statistical Office were used for the purpose of the analysis. Theresearch methods included: critical analysis of the source literature, analysis of secondary data (desk-research) and graphic methods (tables and diagrams), by means of which the results of the studywere presented. The conclusions drawn are inductive and deductive in nature. The article describesin detail Polish trade in transport services with EU countries. It focuses on export, import andbalance. The role of the examined services in foreign trade and Polish economy was assessed basedon the analysis of the structure of export and import and the rate of export and import, geographical orientation of trade, as well as the activity of enterprises from the transport service sector, registeredin Poland, including joint ventures. Research has shown that between 2010 and 2018 Polish exportand import of transport services as part of trade relations with EU countries increased considerably.The conducted research indicates that transport services are a crucial element of Polish trade. Therole of EU countries in the Polish trade in transport services was recognised as significant and growing. This has a positive impact on the country’s economy. The increasing role of road transportin the structure of the Polish trade indicates that Polish entities providing transport services arethriving in this demanding market. However, the analysis of the source literature indicated changesin the preferences of consumers, who increasingly often expect the implementation of sustainable development principles in the distribution of goods. Green marketing or green transport are conceptsmore and more frequently used to gain competitive advantage in the market. The transport sector inPoland is facing a major trend towards the implementation of sustainable development principles.In order to maintain sales growth internationally, the entities will have to implement sustainable development principles.